https://www.peren-revues.fr/pollutionatmospherique/1425 Publications de Auteurs Todorka Panayotova fr 0 https://www.peren-revues.fr/pollutionatmospherique/1414 Le travail présenté a pour but dʼétudier la pollution aérienne par les BTEX et alcanes légers dans la ville de Bourgas (Bulgarie). Les principales sources recensées étant une raffinerie proche et la circulation automobile, le choix a été fait (après étude du comportement à lʼévaporation des composants de carburants) de suivre uniquement la pollution par les BTEX et alcanes (heptane, octane, nonane) ; les premiers, en particulier le benzène, à cause de leur effet nocif sur la santé humaine, les seconds à cause de leur impact sʼajoutant à celui des BTEX sur la quantité dʼozone troposphérique. Le positionnement des points de prélèvement a été fait en sʼaidant dʼune campagne préliminaire de prélèvements statiques sur charbon actif. Des prélèvements dynamiques ont ensuite été effectués également par accumulation sur charbon actif.Les analyses ont été faites par couplage GC/MS après extraction au sulfure de carbone des polluants piégés. Les résultats ainsi obtenus montrent une pollution plus grande au niveau des zones à forte densité de circulation avec de brusques variations des concentrations en polluants dues vraisemblablement aux modifications rapides des conditions de circulation urbaine, une pollution plus importante au nord quʼau sud de la ville traduisant lʼimpact de la raffinerie, une pollution maximale en centre-ville (valeurs moyennes sur 15 jours de lʼordre de 500 μg.m–3 en BTEX) et une pollution minimale au voisinage de la mer Noire ou du lac de Bourgas (valeurs moyennes sur 15 jours de lʼordre de 50 μg.m–3 en BTEX) qui montrent bien les influences opposées de lʼémission et de la dispersion.Lʼexamen du dépassement des normes bulgares dʼexposition de la population a mis en évidence le caractère saisonnier de cette pollution et le calcul de la moyenne obtenue sur lʼensemble des prélèvements pour la concentration en benzène indique que le niveau de pollution est voisin de celui des villes du sud de lʼEurope. A study of the air pollution in BTEX and alcanes (heptane, octane, nonane) of the city of Burgas was carried out with dynamic samplings by pollutant accumulation on active charcoal (a preliminary study with static samplings had already been done before this study), to complete the existing data that are very fragmentary and almost nonexistent in the territory of the city.The purpose of sampling multiplication was to map pollutants and their time development in order to allow the modelling of pollution (transmission and broadcasting) and the optimization of a more complete observation network within the framework of the Bulgarian thesis of Madam Naydenova. The results published in this thesis were based on measures carried out between 2000 and 2004 and will be used to defend the thesis, planned for 2007.The collected information (the density of the traffic and the kind of vehicles) corresponds to the 2000-2004 period, but an extrapolation is done for the current period. At the same time the impact was evaluated according to the Bulgarian environmental norms that were in force between 2000 and 2004. These norms were more strict than the European norms (hourly average and annual concentrations) and therefore gave more complete information.The main potential sources of pollutants are: the LUKOIL refinery situated at about 7 km to the North West of the city (average production at about 7 million tons of oil products), two industrial zones to the North and to the South inside the cityʼs territory, the local and transit car traffic to the south Bulgarian Black Sea coast.The preliminary campaign of static samplings in the city of Burgas and its surrounding area confirmed these expectations while showing the weakest pollution of the dwelling neighborhoods (except those close to the refinery) in comparison with the pollution of the zones with high traffic density. We had therefore decided to do measures inside the territory of the city with dynamic samplings by accumulation on active coal to high debit (a litre.min–1), following the Bulgarian analytical norm, having good sensitiveness.The sampling points were placed while taking into account the pollution sources and system of dominant breezes in sea edge. The extraction was done with carbon disulfide and the analysis by coupling GC/MS. The behavior to the evaporation of the components of fuels (refinery and petrol station emissions) and the used sampling and analysis techniques were the same as our BTEX and heptane, octane, nonane study. The obtained results from the dynamic samplings showed a bigger dispersion in comparison with the static samplings, which is logical.There was a correlation between the variations of the concentration in alcanes and BTEX, the alcanes concentrations were at a higher level.There is a relation between human activity and pollution – the observed concentrations were higher on working days than on weekends (particularly on Sundays). The average "dynamic" values confirm the observed tendencies to support the static samplings and at the same time these results allowed a brief mapping (concentration level expressed by variation of the base level for each sample point). This outline allows the following conclusions:-a bigger pollution in zones with high density of the car traffic;-a more substantial pollution in the North than in the South of the city because of the LUKOIL refinery;-a maximal pollution in the center of the city (500 μg.m–3 for BTEX) and a minimal pollution on the Black Sea or the Burgas lake coasts (50 μg.m–3 for BTEX) that show the influence of the opposition between emission and dispersion.These observations were based on the Bulgarian hourly environmental norms for benzene (10 μg.m–3). If we perform an average value of the 47 dynamic samplings, we obtain an average concentration of benzene 14,3 μg.m–3, the reliable values for the samplings were dispersed regularly on weekdays, including weekends. In this way Burgas is on the same pollutant level as other South European cities.The pollution is higher in winter than in summer, despite the bigger summer traffic (the city of Burgas is a tourist center and there is an increased summer transit).In our opinion this is the result of the functioning of the heating installations in the wintertime and of a better dispersion of the pollutants in summertime.These samples were taken between 2001 and 2004. The number of registered cars increases steadily (about 8% per year). This fact did not have an important influence between 2001 and 2004, because the rise in the traffic increase was compensated by a partial renewal of the vehicles with more modern ones. mer., 15 mai 2013 11:31:02 +0200 mer., 14 oct. 2015 16:16:16 +0200 https://www.peren-revues.fr/pollutionatmospherique/1414