https://www.peren-revues.fr/pollutionatmospherique/6962 Archives fr lun., 06 mai 2024 08:28:54 +0200 mar., 15 oct. 2024 17:00:56 +0200 https://www.peren-revues.fr/pollutionatmospherique/6962 0 https://www.peren-revues.fr/pollutionatmospherique/6963 lun., 06 mai 2024 08:30:34 +0200 https://www.peren-revues.fr/pollutionatmospherique/6963 https://www.peren-revues.fr/pollutionatmospherique/6972 lun., 06 mai 2024 08:59:32 +0200 https://www.peren-revues.fr/pollutionatmospherique/6972 https://www.peren-revues.fr/pollutionatmospherique/6973 lun., 06 mai 2024 09:05:22 +0200 https://www.peren-revues.fr/pollutionatmospherique/6973 https://www.peren-revues.fr/pollutionatmospherique/6976 lun., 06 mai 2024 09:22:56 +0200 https://www.peren-revues.fr/pollutionatmospherique/6976 https://www.peren-revues.fr/pollutionatmospherique/6982 lun., 06 mai 2024 09:41:03 +0200 https://www.peren-revues.fr/pollutionatmospherique/6982 https://www.peren-revues.fr/pollutionatmospherique/6984 lun., 06 mai 2024 09:49:05 +0200 https://www.peren-revues.fr/pollutionatmospherique/6984 https://www.peren-revues.fr/pollutionatmospherique/6987 lun., 06 mai 2024 11:08:12 +0200 https://www.peren-revues.fr/pollutionatmospherique/6987 https://www.peren-revues.fr/pollutionatmospherique/6989 lun., 06 mai 2024 11:11:56 +0200 https://www.peren-revues.fr/pollutionatmospherique/6989 https://www.peren-revues.fr/pollutionatmospherique/6990 Parmi les problèmes environnementaux, l'humanité doit faire face à deux inquiétudes : d'une part la dégradation de la qualité de l’air urbain, variable selon les situations locales, d'autre part le changement climatique global, par essence d'extension mondiale. Dans la période récente, plusieurs rapports [1, 2, 3a] ont analysé de manière détaillée les impacts réciproques entre la qualité de l’air et le réchauffement climatique ainsi que les évolutions prévisibles. Dans le présent article, on tente de synthétiser les faits essentiels et les tendances prévisibles développés dans ces récents rapports. On passe d'abord en revue les impacts climatiques directs des principaux polluants, en mettant l'accent sur les précurseurs d'ozone et sur la matière particulaire. On expose ensuite qualitativement les impacts de ces polluants sur les éco systèmes qui, en s'adaptant, peuvent en retour modifier les paramètres climatiques. Enfin, plus succinctement, on présente les évolutions prévisibles de la qualité de l’air qui résulteront du réchauffement climatique. La conclusion reprend le message fort issu des rapports, à savoir l'imbrication complexe des deux objectifs : celui de la préservation de la qualité de l’air et celui de la limitation du changement climatique, ainsi que le corollaire : seules les stratégies intégrant les deux objectifs seront efficaces dans la durée. Among many environmental stakes, humanity currently faces two problems: on one hand, a degradation of the quality of urban air, more or less acute according to local conditions, on the other hand the climatic change, obviously of worldwide extent. In the recent period, a series of extensive reports [1, 2, 3a] analysed in detail the connexions between air quality and global warming; the present article tries to synthesize the essential data and the expected trends presented in these reports. The impacts of the main pollutants on climate are first reviewed, with particular attention to the role of ozone precursors and of particulate matter. Then, we consider qualitatively the influence of eco systems on climatic parameters after modifications of these ecosystems induced by released pollutants. And last, the probable impacts of the current climate change on air quality are briefly listed. Our conclusion follows the very strong message carried by all reports: the two objectives, i.e. the reduction of pollution and the limitation of temperature increase are strongly correlated; and only strategies integrating the two objectives will be successful in the long term. lun., 06 mai 2024 11:21:25 +0200 https://www.peren-revues.fr/pollutionatmospherique/6990 https://www.peren-revues.fr/pollutionatmospherique/6991 lun., 06 mai 2024 12:22:52 +0200 https://www.peren-revues.fr/pollutionatmospherique/6991 https://www.peren-revues.fr/pollutionatmospherique/6993 lun., 06 mai 2024 13:43:02 +0200 https://www.peren-revues.fr/pollutionatmospherique/6993 https://www.peren-revues.fr/pollutionatmospherique/6995 Air pollutants and greenhouse gases are to a large extent emitted by the same sources, notably in the industry, transport and residential sectors. However, climate change mitigation is a global issue and is mostly driven by national and international policy. Local governments are in general more interested in improving urban air quality, which is posing serious health hazards across the globe. The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) was designed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, helping industrialised countries to achieve their targets under the Kyoto Protocol while contributing to sustainable development in developing countries. As of January 2009 over 4000 projects are in the pipeline. The CDM could be used by local governments and the private sector to finance projects that contribute to both climate change mitigation and better air quality. However, CDM projects in particularly the transport sector face a number of barriers. We identify the most important issues for such projects, as well as the lessons learnt and some recommendations based on four case studies in Asian cities related to biofuels and bus rapid transit systems. The main conclusions is that successful implementation of CDM projects beneficial for urban air quality depends on the applicability of approved CDM methodologies, the strong cooperation between project developers and local authorities, and the availability of data. lun., 06 mai 2024 13:48:13 +0200 https://www.peren-revues.fr/pollutionatmospherique/6995 https://www.peren-revues.fr/pollutionatmospherique/6999 The objective of this paper is to discuss technically some causes of uncertainties related to the environmental assessment of liquid biofuels for transport. This discussion of causes of uncertainties is mainly based on three topics taken as examples. The three topics selected due to their importance in order to illustrate the complexity of environmental assessment of biofuels and the difficulty to reduce uncertainties are: 1) agro-environmental impact of bioethanol (from sugar cane) in Brazil and biodiesel (from palm oil) in Malaysia. These two tropical countries were selected due to their role of leader at world level and their strong export potential to the European Union, 2) N2O (Nitrous oxide) emissions related to biofuels cultivation and land use change and 3) Life cycle assessment (LCA) of biodiesel from palm oil in Malaysia. These three topics are discussed and recommendations are formulated in order to reduce scientific uncertainty, for example through the development of internationally agreed sustainability certification systems with corresponding verification measures or further research on emissions and indirect land use change. L'objectif de cet article est de fournir une discussion technique et scientifique de certaines causes d'incertitude liées à l'évaluation du bilan environnemental des biocarburants liquides pour le transport. Cette discussion porte essentiellement sur trois sujets choisis comme exemples. Les trois sujets choisis pour illustrer la complexité de l'évaluation du bilan environnemental des biocarburants et la difficulté à réduire les incertitudes de diagnostic sont : 1) suivi agro-environnemental du bio-éthanol (de canne à sucre) au Brésil et du bio-diesel (à partir de l'huile de palme) en Malaisie. Ces deux pays tropicaux ont été choisis du fait de leur rôle de leader au niveau mondial et leur fort potentiel d'exportation vers l'Union européenne ; 2) émissions de N2O (protoxyde d'azote) dues aux cultures pour biocarburants et au changement éventuel d'utilisation du sol avant la mise en culture ; 3) analyse de cycle de vie (ACV) du biodiesel produit à partir de l'huile de palme en Malaisie. Après discussion de ces trois sujets, des recommandations sont formulées afin de réduire les incertitudes scientifiques, par exemple à travers la mise en place de systèmes de certification/développement durable, objets d'un accord international et associés à des mécanismes de contrôle ou à travers un développement de la recherche sur les effets indirects possibles des biocarburants. lun., 06 mai 2024 14:09:17 +0200 https://www.peren-revues.fr/pollutionatmospherique/6999 https://www.peren-revues.fr/pollutionatmospherique/7007 lun., 06 mai 2024 14:14:43 +0200 https://www.peren-revues.fr/pollutionatmospherique/7007 https://www.peren-revues.fr/pollutionatmospherique/7009 lun., 06 mai 2024 14:35:17 +0200 https://www.peren-revues.fr/pollutionatmospherique/7009 https://www.peren-revues.fr/pollutionatmospherique/7010 Past experience in the US indicates that a focus on reducing individual types of pollutants can result in success for the targeted pollutants, yet allow continued growth in other pollutants, most notably CO2. The electric industry has demonstrated the capacity to make large investments in controlling emissions, as well as in developing new generation sources. In the absence of multi-pollutant regulations, investments in specific emissions controls may subsequently prove non-useful as new pollutants are regulated. The most effective approach to achieving co-benefits is to anticipate future regulatory constraints and invest in non-polluting technologies and energy efficiency. However, estimating the emissions avoided due to energy efficiency is not straightforward. In the United States, "displaced" emissions are spatially and temporally non-uniform due to the distribution of energy production and energy market dynamics. Emissions data exist to understand this variation and may be used to target programs. Analysis of program results reveals that energy efficiency programs exhibit economies of scale. The case of Southwest Connecticut provides an example of a co-benefits approach to addressing conflicting results of several policies. Efficiency programs have a high potential to reduce both carbon emissions as well as other pollutants. Significant consideration must be given to techniques to account for the emissions benefits of these programs. lun., 06 mai 2024 14:41:18 +0200 https://www.peren-revues.fr/pollutionatmospherique/7010 https://www.peren-revues.fr/pollutionatmospherique/7014 lun., 06 mai 2024 14:44:51 +0200 https://www.peren-revues.fr/pollutionatmospherique/7014 https://www.peren-revues.fr/pollutionatmospherique/7016 lun., 06 mai 2024 14:55:47 +0200 https://www.peren-revues.fr/pollutionatmospherique/7016 https://www.peren-revues.fr/pollutionatmospherique/7017 lun., 06 mai 2024 15:16:27 +0200 https://www.peren-revues.fr/pollutionatmospherique/7017 https://www.peren-revues.fr/pollutionatmospherique/7018 lun., 06 mai 2024 15:21:06 +0200 https://www.peren-revues.fr/pollutionatmospherique/7018